Percutaneous interventional gallbladder procedures: Personal experience and literature review

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Abstract
Our experience with 58 percutaneous gallbladder procedures in 48 patients are discussed. Diagnostic procedures consisted of needle aspiration of bile (n=5) to evaluate the gallbladder as a source of infections and transcholecystic cholangiography (TCC) (n=32) for bile duct visualization. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) (n=21) was performed for gallbladder or bile duct decompression or stone dissolution. Ultrasound and/or fluoroscopic guidance were used, and the procedures were successful in all but one patient. The overall complication rate was 13.8% (8/58 procedures) but only 5.2% were considered serious (three instances of bile peritonitis). No vasovagal reactions or hemorrhage occurred. We also reviewed the complications in 231 cases of PC that have been reported in the English literature. The overall complication rate was 7.8%, and the most significant problems were death (n=1), peritonitis (n=3), and severe vasovagal reactions (n=4).