Contrastingin vitro effects of retinol and mononuclear cell factor on young and old human cartilage

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Abstract
Studies with young animal cartilage have shown that retinol and mononuclear cell‐factor (MCF) cause in vitro breakdown of the cartilage, mediated by the living chondrocyte (indirect degradation). We studied the effects of retinol and MCF on healthy human articular cartilage of different ages, measuring the effects on proteoglycan (PG) content of the cartilage, and on PG synthesis during 8 days of culture. This study shows: (1) Retinol and MCF induce indirect degradation of young, but not of old human cartilage of the humeral head; (2) Both retinol and MCF suppress PG synthesis of young and stimulate PG synthesis of old cartilage; (3) The effects of retinol and MCF on cartilage PG content and on PG synthesis are related to the metabolic state of the chondrocyte; (4) Therefore mononuclear cell‐factor may have a destructive or beneficial effect on cartilage depending on whether proteoglycan synthesizing activity is high or low, respectively.