Impedance of Leclanche Cells and Batteries

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Abstract
The impedance, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, performance on standard tests, and the pulse resistance were determined for a number of different size Leclanché cells produced by various manufacturers. The interpretation of the impedance in the light of modern relaxation theory indicated the existence of one process at the negative zinc electrode and two processes at the positive manganese dioxide electrode for all Leclanché cells assuming ideal behavior for each electrode process. The magnitude of the contributions to the total impedance and the relaxation time for each of the electrode processes in the cell were determined. The effect of varying manganese dioxide to carbon black weight ratios on the impedance of laboratory‐prepared cells was determined. Also, the impedance of fresh cells and batteries was determined at several stages during discharges on various standard tests, and, in some cases, after shelf stands of up to two years. The extrapolated value of the impedance at infinite frequency, , was used to estimate the residual capacity of cells after shelf stands of one and two years. was found to be identical with the internal resistance of the cell determined by pulse techniques.

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