Mammalian viruses in human periodontitis

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Abstract
A prior investigation has demonstrated a higher prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in subgingival specimens from periodontitis patients than from gingivitis patients. This study aimed to determine the frequency of HCMV, EBV-1, EBV-2, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in subgingival samples from 27 adults who each contributed both a periodontitis and a gingivitis site. Viral detection was performed using a nested-polymerase chain reaction method. Twenty-four subjects (89%) yielded at least one of the five test viruses from deep periodontal pockets, whereas only 15 (56%) showed viruses from shallow periodontal sites (P = 0.015; chi-square test). Viral co-infection occurred more frequently in deep than in shallow periodontal sites (P = 0.015). HCMV was detected with higher frequency in deep than in shallow periodontal sites (P = 0.023). The possible periodontopathogenic mechanisms of mammalian viruses in human periodontitis are discussed. The role and importance of HCMV and other mammalian viruses in the initiation and progression of destructive periodontal disease merits further investigation.