Quantum-nondemolition measurement of the photon number of an optical soliton

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Abstract
We report the quantum-nondemolition measurement of the photon number of an optical soliton. Taking advantage of the conservation properties of quantum solitons, we were able to read out the photon number of a ‘‘signal’’ soliton via the phase of a ‘‘probe’’ soliton after a soliton collision in a single-mode low-loss optical fiber. Subsequent noise measurements showed the photon number fluctuations of the signal soliton at the shot-noise limit to be correlated to the phase fluctuations of the probe soliton, signifying a backaction-evading measurement of the photon number.