Bacteria‐ and Endotoxin‐Free Dialysis Fluid for Use in Chronic Hemodialysis

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Abstract
As the quality of water in the dialysis fluid varies considerably, dialysis fluid is contaminated with a high percentage of bacteria and endotoxins. The bacterial populations contained in the dialysis fluid are as heterogeneous as the chemical structure of the endotoxins that result. The latter can pass through the dialysis membrane whereby high‐flux membranes permit a larger number of retransportable molecules than low‐flux membranes. A central aim toward a future, safe dialysis process should, therefore, be the production of a dialysate that is free of bacteria and endotoxins. As we were able to demonstrate in various examinations, this goal is most likely to be achieved with the aid of sterile filtration using hollow fiber modules of polyamid. To avoid disinfection of the polyamid membrane, as this would only reach bacteria but not endotoxins, the filter was changed after at most 10 h. The achieved dialysis fluid was free of bacteria and endotoxins. We were also able to show that the release of interleukin‐1 was reduced. In addition, side‐effects, such as a drop in blood pressure, headaches, muscular cramps, and nausea, were reduced.