Development of nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in sunflower cotyledons during germination as affected by the exogenous nitrogen source

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Abstract
Activities of nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (NiR; EC 1.7.7.1), glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.4.1.3) were measured in cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Peredovic) seedlings during germination and early growth under various external nitrogen sources. The presence of NO 3 - in the medium promoted a gradual increase in the levels of NR and NiR activities during the first 7 d of germination. Neither NR nor NiR activities were increased in a nitrogen-free medium or in media with either NH 4 + or urea as nitrogen sources. Moreover, the presence of NH 4 + did not abolish the NO 3 - -dependent appearance of NR and NiR activities. The increase of NR activity was impaired both by cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, which indicates that both cytoplasmic 80S and plastidic 70S ribosomes are involved in the synthesis of the NR molecule. By contrast, the appearance of NiR activity was only inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that NiR seems to be exclusively synthesized on the cytoplasmic 80S ribosomes. Glutamine-synthetase activity was also strongly increased by external NO 3 - but not by NH 4 + or urea. The appearance of GS activity was more efficiently suppressed by cycloheximide than chloramphenicol. This indicates that GS is mostly synthesized in the cytoplasm. The cotyledons of the dry seed contain high levels of GDH activity which decline during germination independently of the presence or absence of a nitrogen source. Cycloheximide, but not chloramphenicol, greatly prevented the decrease of GDH activity.