Imprisonment of Entomophages to Increase Effectiveness: Evaluation of a Concept

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Abstract
In laboratory experiments, de-winged Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) placed on soybean plants parasitized 14× more larvae of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) than their winged counterparts. Likewise, de-winged female Podisus maculiventris (Say), a larval predator of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) laid ca. 5× more eggs on potted soybeans than their counterparts, and predation eggs of Heliothis zea (Boddie) on potted soybeans by de-winged Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville was ca. 22× greater than that of winged adults. Moreover, more de-winged than winged entomophages (better than 3-fold more) were still on the plants 24 h after release Similar results were obtained in field experiments; ca. 85% of de-winged adult P. maculiventris were still on field soybeans 72 h after the release vs. only 12% of winged adults, and ca, 9× more eggs were counted in plots infested with the de-winged females. Also, less than 1% of winged H. convergens adults, but ca. 50% of de-winged adults, were found on field soybeans one day after the release. Egg predation, within 24 h, by de-winged H. convergens was ca. 3× that of winged adults.

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