Conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentary history in the upper Tremadoc at Uuga, Cape Pakri, NW Estonia

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Abstract
The upper Tremadocian boundary beds at Cape Pakri, NW Estonia, consist of an extremely friable glauconitic sandstone, which presents a challenge to detailed biostratigraphy. A combination of sedimentological and biostratigraphical criteria has served to clarify the tempo and mode of the processes that formed the sandstone and explain its relationships to strata immediately below and above it. Apatitic conodont elements, which abound in all these sediments, are particularly well suited to tracing the geological history of the surrounding sediment, since they can be repeatedly included in the sediment, eroded and redeposited, often leaving telltale marks on the elements which are nevertheless identifiable. By separating the indigenous elements from those that had been redeposited, we could place the local upper boundary of the Tremadocian at slightly more than 1 m above the base of the c. 4 m-thick sandy deposit. We showed that the sandstone, where 58-97% of the conodont elements have been redeposited, had been formed during four successive phases of sand deposition. The entire sandstone unit belongs to the Paroistodus proteus Zone. In the sandy and clayey Varanguan beds of the Paltodus deltifer Zone that underlie the sandstone, less than 50% of the conodont elements had been redeposited. The upper part of the section consists of limestone beds belonging to the Oepikodus evae Zone, where the redeposited portion of the conodont elements decreases upwards.