Aggregation pheromones inDrosophila borealis andDrosophila littoralis

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Abstract
Mature males ofDrosophila borealis andD. littoralis (Diptera: Drosophilidae) produce pheromones that attract both males and females in a wind-tunnel bioassay. Ethyl tiglate is a major pheromone component in both species. Isopropyl tiglate is a minor component, as active as ethyl tiglate on an equal-weight basis, but less abundant in the flies. Both species respond to (Z)-9-heneicosene, a compound they do not possess, but which is a pheromone component in closely related species.D. borealis andD. littoralis are also able to discriminate among various heneicosene isomers. These responses to hydrocarbons may represent artifacts of evolution in this group. For both species, the pheromone was strongly synergized by an extract of fermenting aspen bark, a “host” material ofD. borealis. Benzyl alcohol was identified as one active component, although it did not account for all the activity of the extract. In nature, the flies probably respond to mixtures of fly-derived and host-derived volatiles.