Structure−Activity Relationships: Analogues of the Dicaffeoylquinic and Dicaffeoyltartaric Acids as Potent Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and Replication

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Abstract
The dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) and dicaffeoyltartaric acids (DCTAs) are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase. They also inhibit HIV-1 replication at nontoxic concentrations. Since integrase is an excellent target for anti-HIV therapy, structure−activity relationships were employed to synthesize compounds with: (1) improved potency against HIV-1 integrase, (2) improved anti-HIV effect in tissue culture, and (3) increased selectivity as indicated by low cellular toxicity. Thirty-four analogues of the DCTAs and DCQAs were synthesized and tested for cell toxicity, anti-HIV activity, and inhibition of HIV-1 integrase. Seventeen of the 34 analogues had potent activity against HIV-1 integrase ranging from 0.07 to >10 μM. Seventeen analogues that were synthesized or purchased had no inhibitory activity against integrase at concentrations of 25 μM. Of the biologically active analogues, 7 of the 17 inhibited HIV replication at nontoxic concentrations. The most potent compounds were d-chicoric acid, meso-chicoric acid, bis(3,4-dihydroxydihydrocinnamoyl)-l-tartaric acid, digalloyl-l-tartaric acid, bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-l-tartaric acid, dicaffeoylglyceric acid, and bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl)-l-tartaric acid. Anti-HIV activity of the active compounds in tissue culture ranged from 35 to 0.66 μM. Structure−activity relationships demonstrated that biscatechol moieties were absolutely required for inhibition of integrase, while at least one free carboxyl group was required for anti-HIV activity. These data demonstrate that analogues of the DCTAs and the DCQAs can be synthesized which have improved activity against HIV integrase.

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