Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Cancer — The Advent of the Era of Individualization

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Abstract
Although esophageal carcinoma is a relatively uncommon cancer in Western countries, there has been a rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and increasing mortality due to that disease in the United States and several European countries.1 In particular, adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction, the distal esophagus, and the gastric cardia have all been increasing in incidence.The recent epidemiologic shift in esophageal carcinoma in Western countries from squamous-cell carcinoma associated with smoking and alcohol abuse to adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett's metaplasia might be attributed to the increasing incidence of obesity and obesity-induced chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease.2 Systematic screening for . . .