Brominated Flame Retardants in Archived Serum Samples from Norway: A Study on Temporal Trends and the Role of Age

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Abstract
The temporal trends and influence of age and gender on levels of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in human serum have been assessed by analyzing archived samples from Norway. Serum from 40 to 50 year old men collected at six time periods during 1977 to 1999 and from eight groups of differing age and gender sampled in 1998 were pooled into six and eight samples, respectively. The BFRs were isolated using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the serum lipids decomposed by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid directly on the polystyrene-divinylbenzene SPE column, prior to elution of the BFRs. Following diazomethane derivatization, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture mass spectrometry. Eight BFRs were quantified in the serum samples: 2,4,4‘-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE−28), 2,2‘,4,4‘-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE−47), 2,2‘,4,4‘,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE−99), 2,2‘,4,4‘,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE−100), 2,2‘,4,4‘,5,5‘-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE−153), 2,2‘,4,4‘,5,6‘-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE−154), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TriBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A). The serum concentrations of all the BFRs, increased during the entire period with the exception of TriBP, and the sum of the six polybrominated diphenyl ethers increased from 0.44 ng/g lipids in 1977 to 3.3 ng/g lipids in 1999. The BFR concentrations in the serum from the different age groups were relatively similar, except for the age group 0−4 years, which had 1.6−3.5 times higher serum concentrations. Women older than 25 years had lower serum concentrations of BFRs compared to the corresponding group of men. No trend related to age or gender, nor time during the period 1977 to 1999 was observed for TriBP. The present study indicates an ongoing increase in human exposure to BFRs, and the current body burden appears to be independent of age, except for infants (0−4 years old), who seem to experience elevated exposure.