Regulation of HER-2 oncogene expression by cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2

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Abstract
The oncoprotein HER-2/neu is a prosurvival factor and its overexpression has been correlated with adverse prognosis in breast cancers. High levels of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a proinflammatory and antiapoptotic enzyme, were detected in HER-2-positive tumors and this observation was linked to an HER-2-mediated induction of COX-2 gene transcription. Here, we report that COX-2 expression, and synthesis of its major enzymatic product, PGE2, leads in turn to an enhanced HER-2 expression. Moreover, COX-2 enzymatic inhibition dramatically reduced HER-2 protein levels, efficiently increased the cancer cells sensitility to chemotherapeutic treatment and acted in synergy with HER-2 inhibitor, trastuzumab. Therefore, we propose an original model where HER-2 and COX-2 transcriptionally regulate each other in a positive loop.