Making sense out of motivation: A systematic model to consolidate motivational constructs across theories

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Abstract
Theories of motivation frequently conflict with one another, not only in their basic assumptions, but also in their interpretation of similar phenomena. Consequently, the teacher of educational psychology faces the arduous task of reasonably clarifying for students some means of transferring this contrasting information into a usable format of guidelines and principles. The Time Continuum Model of Motivation directly assists this process by systematically consolidating motivational constructs across theories. This model organizes six major factors — attitude, need, stimulation, affect, competence and reinforcement — along a time sequence. The instructor of educational psychology can use the model to demonstrate the applicability of different motivational theories to a variety of learning situations. In addition, the key questions of how and when to use the basic elements from different motivational theories can be systematically approached for optimal student learning and transfer to applied settings.

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