Russian communication orientations: A cross‐cultural examination

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Abstract
This study examined the relationships among perceptions of willingness to communicate, communication responsiveness, communication apprehension, introversion, and assertiveness of college students in Russia. Comparative analyses were made with studies conducted in the United States (U.S.), Sweden, Finland, Australia, Micronesia, and Puerto Rico. Comparisons among the cultural groups indicated Russian students perceived themselves as lower in competence and willingness to communicate than other countries, except for Micronesians. Russian students also indicated the second highest degree of introversion following the Swedish students. Comparisons between Russian and U.S. students revealed significant differences of orientations. Analysis between Russian male and female students indicated that significant gender differences exist. Results confirm that culture is an essential element when analyzing communication orientations.