Abstract
Systematic studies of highly charged neonlike and nickellike ions as well as several open‐shell ions performed on an electron beam ion trap are described and used to assess the accuracy of structure calculations of multi‐electron ions. Discrepancies are found that can be attributed to inaccuracies in accounting for electron correlations and in estimating quantum electrodynamical effects. Documenting the effects of level crossings, we demonstrate that these discrepancies are compounded by uncertainties in assigning the respective contributions from quantum electrodynamics to each of the two strongly interacting levels undergoing the crossing.

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