Malformations of the semilunar valves produced in chick embryos by mechanical interference with cardiogenesis

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Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to analyze the role of hemodynamics in the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the semilunar valves. To achieve this goal we have studied the development of the chick semilunar valves in conditions of abnormal local flow. To obtain an abnormal pattern of local flow we have induced alterations of the cardiac septation process by mechanical interference of the development of the conus cordis. The malformations obtained by this procedure consisted of a spectrum of alterations in the process of incorporation of the aortic conus into the left ventricle. These malformations ranged from a simple widening of the outflow tract of the left ventricle to severe forms of double-outlet right ventricle and ventricular septal defects. Malformations of the semilunar valves consisting of extensive thickening of the leaflets and lack of maturation of the valve tissues were very often present in the malformed hearts. The malformation of the valve leaflets was more frequent and severe in the aortic valve at more advanced stages of development and in the hearts showing more severe alteration of the septation process. The absence of alterations in the semilunar valves of the control embryos and in the experimental embryos without alteration of the cardiac septation suggest a close relationship between the semilunar valves anomalies and the hemodynamic alterations present in the malformed hearts.