Primary succession in arctic tundra on the west coast of Spitsbergen (Svalbard)

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Abstract
The details of plant succession on arctic tundra were studied for three different environments on Spitsbergen: on raised beach ridges, on recent moraines, and on emergent salt marshes. The results are compared with data from other arctic locations. The time necessary for initial establishment of climax conditions was found to be of the order of 3000–3500 years in the case of the beach ridges, 1000–1500 years on terminal moraines, and about 3000 years in the case of emergent salt marshes.