Nuisance Bears in Communities: Strategies to Reduce Conflict

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Abstract
Human-bear conflicts are becoming of greater concern as remnant bear populations occupy habitat that is being encroached upon by human development. In some communities, specific policies dealing with human-bear interactions have been adopted. The research reported here is a review of these policies within selected communities and analysis of the dynamics leading to their adoption. A framework depicting forces influencing the formulation of policy on wildlife management devised by Kellert and Clark was used to describe the policy development in the communities studied. Categories of constituency forces described in the framework include biophysical-behavioral, social-structural, valuational and institutional-regulatory. The time and order sequence of influential forces leading to policy formulation is a central focus of the paper. The communities utilized in the analysis include Juneau, Alaska; Mammoth Lakes, California; West Yellowstone, Montana; and Gatlinburg, Tennessee. The policy formulation process among communities is compared.

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