Increasing Response Rates to Mail Questionnaires: A Review of Inducement Strategies

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Abstract
Health education researchers frequently use mail questionnaires to collect data. One major limitation to mail survey research is nonresponse bias. When the nonresponse rate is high, external validity is compromised. A number of studies have examined the effect of inducement strategies on response rate. Such studies have resulted in much discrepancy and uncertainty as to the strategies that consistently increase response rate. This article provides survey researchers with effective inducement strategies based on a comprehensive review of the professional literature. Five areas of consideration regarding mail survey research are examined: (1) envelopes and postage, (2) cover letter, (3) incentives, (4) questionnaire characteristics, and (5) participant contact. The use of this information should strengthen mail survey research and minimize nonresponse bias.