Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Widespread multisystem degeneration with TDP‐43 pathology in a patient after long‐term survival on a respirator

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Abstract
It has been reported that widespread multisystem degeneration can occur in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) who have survived for long periods with artificial respiratory support (ARS). We report a case of SALS of 8 years and 8 months duration in a 71‐year‐old woman, who received ARS for 7 years and 8 months. In this patient, the symptoms at the early stage were those of typical ALS, and a totally locked‐in state with frontal lobe atrophy appeared a few years after the start of ARS. At autopsy, marked atrophy of the frontal lobe and brainstem tegmentum was evident. Microscopically, widespread multisystem degeneration with obvious neuronal loss was a feature. Bunina bodies and ubiquitinated inclusions were observed in the remaining lower motor neurons. Of interest was that Lewy body‐like hyaline inclusions (LBHIs), which were later shown to be immunnoreactive (ir) for 43‐kDa TAR DNA‐binding protein (TDP‐43) and ubiquitin, were also detected in neurons in various regions of the nervous system, including the lower and upper motor neuron nuclei. The distributions of neurons with TDP‐43‐ir and ubiquitin‐ir cytoplasmic inclusions were also widespread in the nervous system, and in each region, the numbers of these neurons were apparently larger than those of neurons with LBHIs. Importantly, double‐labeling immunofluorescence revealed that the widespread TDP‐43‐ir inclusions were often ubiqutinated. In conclusion, the entire pathological picture appeared to correspond well to the patient's long‐standing, progressive disease, including the TDP‐43 pathology with ubiquitination. These findings further strengthen the idea that TDP‐43 abnormality is closely associated with the pathogenesis of SALS.