The control of seed germination in Trollius ledebouri A model of seed dormancy

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Abstract
Treatment of Trollius ledebouri seeds with gibberellins A4+A7 promotes germination. The efficacy of the treatment is dependent upon the duration of imbibition in distilled water prior to GA4+7 application. ‘Presoaking’ increases both the final percentage germination attained and also its rate of achievement. No presoaking effect is exhibited by seeds induced to germinate by testa removal in the absence of GA4+7. Active washing of Trollius seeds enhances the presoaking effect and the eluent from washed seeds is inhibitory to germination. The results support the hypothesis that the presoaking effect exhibited by Trollius is the result of the leaching of a germination inhibitor from the seeds which is antagonistic to GA4+7. Additionally, treatment of Trollius seeds with the gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) prior to testa removal retards germination. The inhibitory effect of CCC on germination is overcome by GA4+7. Although CCC inhibits embryo growth during the presoaking of intact seeds, it does not affect the increased sensitivity of presoaked seeds to GA4+7. Therefore, although endogenous gibberellins may be involved in the germination process, they do not contribute to the presoaking phenomenon. The expansion of isolated endosperm tissue is not affected by CCC. However, the chemical markedly inhibits endosperm expansion in intact seeds and implicates the embryo as both the site of production of the germination inhibitor and of gibberellin. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies and a model is presented to account for the characteristics of germination in Trollius.