The oxidation and reduction of succinic acid by ionizing radiation

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Abstract
The oxidation of succinic acid was observed by ESR–ENDOR spectroscopy in single crystals x irradiated at 4.2 °K. Oxidation products result from loss of hydrogen from the saturated carbon atoms as well as from the carboxyl groups. Reduction is a more specific process; electrons are captured by carbonyl oxygen atoms. The competition for electrons between succinic acid and fumaric acid in doped crystals was examined at 4.2 °K.