Abstract
To overcome some of the shortcomings of the conventionally used sequential “point-by-point” radiofrequency ablation, new energy sources such as laser, ultrasound, and cryothermia are currently under investigation. These apply “single shot” lesions via balloon mounted catheters positioned at the PV ostia. Other new tools, such as the magnetic navigation system, allow complete remote controlled mapping (and ablation) by combining both three dimensional (3D) steering and 3D mapping/imaging in a single system. All these devices and technologies still have to prove their effectiveness and their ability to meet high expectations.

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