The physics of ternary graphite intercalation compounds

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Abstract
A critical review of the novel physical properties and physical phenomena exhibited by ternary graphite intercalation compounds (TGICs) is presented. To facilitate discussion of TGICs they are classified according to their major structural features into four specific subgroups, namely homogeneous, heterogeneous, trilayer and localized. Within each subgroup particular compounds are further characterized as donor-donor, donor-acceptor and acceptor-acceptor. The preparation methods used to synthesize the materials addressed are briefly discussed as are the relevant chemical properties. The emphasis of this review is on the physics of TGICs and in particular the consequences of low-dimensionality. We show that, unlike binary graphite intercalation compounds, TGICs can be prepared with a broad range of compositions at constant stage. This feature and the enhanced interplanar and intraplanar structural variety exhibited by TGICs have stimulated a host of investigations which have extended our understanding not only of GICs but also of low-dimensional physics in general.