Pathogenic Specialisation of Wheat Rusts in Australia and New Zealand in 1988 and 1989.

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Abstract
Levels of stem, leaf, and stripe rusts were generally low in commercial crops during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons, and it is likely that yield losses due to these diseases were minimal. Six pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici were identified during 1988 and four during 1989. In both years, the Satu triticale pathotype 34–2, 12, 13 and the Oxley wheat pathotype 343–1, 2, 3, 5, 6 were the most frequent (83–84% of isolates in each year). The Festiguay pathotype 343–1,2,3,5,6,8,9 increased in frequency during 1989 in southern New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Nine pathotypes of P. recondita f.sp. tritici were identified during 1988 and 12 during 1989. The most prevalent pathotypes in 1988 were 53–1, (6),(7),10,11 (29%) and 104–2,3,6,(7),11 (28%), and by 1989 the latter (constituting 51% of isolates) had become predominant. Pathotypes 104–2,3,6,(7),11 and 104–1,2,3,6,(7),11, which were previously recorded in Australia, were detected in New Zealand for the first time in 1989. In addition, two new pathotypes, 104–1,3 and 76–1,3,5, were detected in New Zealand. Eleven pathotypes of the wheat stripe rust pathogen were isolated during 1988 and eight during 1989. Pathotypes most commonly isolated in both years were the originally introduced pathotype, 104 E137 A—, the Avocet pathotype, 104 E137 A+, and the Millewa pathotype, 108 E141 A+. The frequency of 108 E141 A+ decreased from 36% in 1988 to 20% in 1989, whereas 104 E137 A — increased from 30% in 1988 to 42% in 1989. The Hartog pathotype, 110 E143 A+, occurred at a low frequency of 5% in both 1988 and 1989. The first confirmed instances of reversion to avirulence in P. striiformis f.sp. tritici in Australia were recorded in 1988 with the detection of pathotypes 104 E9 A— and 104 E9 A+, which were avirulent for Yr2.

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