IL-12/IL-2 combination cytokine therapy for solid tumours: translation from bench to bedside

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Abstract
A broad range of approaches are under active investigation for the biological therapy of cancer, in particular, strategies directed at host immune response potentiation. These efforts have been fuelled by studies demonstrating the presence of an endogenous, but ineffective, host antitumour immune response and a greater understanding of the key factors which regulate this response. These mechanisms involve complex interactions between various effector cell populations, soluble factors and the tumour itself and are determined by the timing and relative intensity of positive and negative autoregulatory pathways, as well as a variety of immunosuppressive effects capable of mediating tumour self-defence. Based on these observations, immunotherapeutic regimens have been developed to potentiate antigen-specific sensitisation of effector cells with tumour vaccines/adjuvants, expand and amplify the number and function of effector cells, and to counteract suppressive pathways engaged by tumour cells themselves. Sig...

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