Variation in waveguides fabricated by immersion of LiNbO3 in AgNO3 and TlNO3: The role of hydrogen
- 15 September 1982
- journal article
- research article
- Published by AIP Publishing in Applied Physics Letters
- Vol. 41 (6) , 508-510
- https://doi.org/10.1063/1.93589
Abstract
Optical waveguides fabricated in LiNbO3 by what has previously been described as silver‐lithium or thallium‐lithium ion exchange in the molten nitrates AgNO3 or TlNO3 have not generally been reproducible. We show that the large increases of the extraordinary index (Δne = 0.12), which are observed intermittently, result not from introduction of the heavy ions, Ag+ or Tl+, but from hydrogen‐lithium exchange, which occurs when hydrogen is present as an impurity in the melts.Keywords
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