Cooperativity in human‐machine and human‐human spoken dialogue

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Abstract
The article presents principles of dialogue cooperativity derived from a corpus of task‐oriented spoken human‐machine dialogue. The corpus was recorded during the design of a dialogue model for a spoken language dialogue system. Analysis of the corpus produced a set of dialogue design principles intended to prevent users from having to initiate clarification and repair metacommunication that the system would not understand. Developed independently of Grice's work on cooperation in spoken dialogue, these principles provided an empirical test of the correctness and completeness of Grice's maxims of cooperativity in the case of human‐machine dialogue. Whereas the maxims pass the test of correctness, they fail to provide a complete account of principles of cooperative human‐machine dialogue. A more complete set of aspects of cooperative task‐oriented dialogue is proposed together with the principles expressing those aspects. Transferability of results to cooperative spoken human‐human dialogue is discussed.

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