Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective

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Abstract
The anthropological study of women should rest upon a sound understanding of women's reproductive heritage. Current research in reproductive physiology can contribute to this understanding, particularly with reference to the lactation period. In preindustrial societies as a rule, lactation is prolonged and intensive, while menstruation is correspondingly uncommon. This is related primarily to cultural factors that interact with the suckling frequency, but other factors may be involved. Industrialization and the propagation of western attitudes have been associated with a worldwide decline in lactation; an example from Taiwan is presented. The concept of the menstrual cycle as a liminal state is introduced, and anthropologists are urged to rethink their understanding of physiologic and symbolic womanhood. [reproductive physiology, lactation, menstruation, conception, Taiwan]