Supplementation of a restricted maternal diet with protein or carbohydrate alone prevents a reduction in fetal muscle fibre number in the guinea-pig

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Abstract
A 60 % reduction in maternal feed intake is known to cause a reduction of approximately 20 % in biceps brachii fibre number in the guinea-pig fetus. This investigation was designed to isolate the dietary component responsible by reducing all dietary components to 60 % of the ad lib. level and supplementing the protein, carbohydrate or fat component to the level of the ad lib. intake. Fetal muscles were examined at 50 d gestation to determine numbers of primary and secondary fibres, and at term to determine total fibre number. Fetal and neonatal weights were reduced in all restricted groups (P < 0.05) when compared with ad lib. controls. At term this reduction was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the protein-supplemented group (20%) than in the 60 %-restricted and fat-supplemented groups (43%) and the carbohydrate-supplemented group (34%). Biceps brachii fibre numbers were reduced in the 60%-restricted and fat-supplemented groups by 14–16%, but fibre numbers were similar in control, protein-supplemented and carbohydrate-supplemented groups. Any reduction in fibre number was in the secondary fibre component of total fibre number. Therefore, biceps brachii fibre numbers were reduced only when maternal diets were deficient in both protein and carbohydrate.