Effects of Girdling by the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Symptom Expression of Soybean Stem Canker and Associated Soybean Yields

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Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) stems with and without basal stem girdles induced by the three-cornered alfalfa hopper (Spissistilus festinus) were inoculated artificially at upper (internode 10) and lower (internode 2) sites with the stem canker fungus (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora). Lengths of resultant cankers were significantly greater on girdled stems than on nongirdled stems. Canker lengths also were greater at upper sites than at lower sites regardless of girdle status of stems. Yields of seed from individual plants were consistently lowest for stems that were both girdled and cankered.