Bionomic notes on the solitary Evylaeus oenotherae (Stevens) (Hymenoptera: Halictinae), a matinal summer bee visiting cultivated Onagraceae

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Abstract
Overwintered females of Evylaeus oenotherae establish haplometrotic nests in aggregations and rear a single annual generation in from 12 to 20 cells per nest. Competition for suitable nests in early summer appears to keep the breeding population at a certain level and prevents the overexploitation of its exclusive food source, Oenothera pollen. The bee's late active phase is synchronized with the flowering period of the host in June and July. Initially, females are active in the morning and evening, but are quickly trained to a matinal rhythm only, when excursions in the evening fail to yield suitable food.

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