Genetic and Environmental Influences on Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, and Nicotine Use From Early Adolescence to Middle Adulthood

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Abstract
While a critical role for genetic factors in the etiology of psychoactive substance use (PSU) has been demonstrated in many studies,1-4 a range of social environmental variables including peer drug use, poor quality of family bonds, low neighborhood cohesion, and high levels of drug availability also predict PSU.5