Surface profiles of the laurentide ice sheet in its marginal areas

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Abstract
Surface slopes of ice lobes can be estimated from the gradients of their margins as shown by ice limits, by contemporaneous recessional moraines, or by lateral melt-water channels, with allowance being made for the dip of an ice lobe laterally, as well as forward, toward its extremities. Profiles can be fitted approximately to a parabola with the equation in whichhis the height above andxthe distance up-stream from the terminus, in the same units, andAis a coefficient which varies from glacier to glacier. The coefficientAhas a value of 4.7 m1for both the Antarctic ice sheet inland from Mirny and the west central Greenland ice sheet. Several examples of late Pleistocene ice lobes within mountainous terrain of North America and New Zealand have values ofAranging from 2.9 mlto about 4.1 m1. For several ice lobes in the south-western part of the late Pleistocene Laurentide ice sheet, however, values are from about 0.3 to 1.0 m1, corresponding to basal shear stress of from about 0.07 to 0.22 bar. A major problem exists in accounting for the active movement of ice here under such low surface gradients and basal shear stresses. Evidence of basal slip, aided by high subglacial water pressure, should be looked for in the field. Alternatively, other possibilities for the explanation of such low surface gradients should be sought.