Mathematical modeling of acid deposition due to radiation fog

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Abstract
A Lagrangian model has been developed to study acidic deposition due to radiation fog. The model couples submodels describing the development and dissipation of radiation fog, the gas‐phase chemistry and transfer, and the aqueous‐phase chemistry. The model is applied to a radiation fog episode in Bakersfield in the San Joaquin Valley of California over the period January 4–5, 1985. Model predictions for temperature profile, fog development, liquid water content, gas‐phase concentrations of SO2, HNO3, and NH3, pH, aqueous‐phase concentrations of SO42−, NH4+, and NO3−, and finally deposition rates of the above ions are compared with the observed values. The deposition rates of the major ions are predicted to increase significantly during the fog episode, the most notable being the increase of sulfate deposition. Pathways for sulfate production that are of secondary importance in a cloud environment may become significant in a fog. Expressing the mean droplet settling velocity as a function of liquid water content is found to be quite influential in the model's predictions.