On the Use of Hybrid Vertical Coordinates in Numerical Weather Prediction Models

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Abstract
A comparison is made of several ways to combine isentropic with sigma coordinates in a numerical weather prediction model in order to benefit from the advantage of either coordinate. The resulting hybrid model versions appear to be well-behaved numerically. A noise index introduced to provide a measure of external gravitational imbalances shows that hybrid models are somewhat “quieter” than isentropic coordinate models. Results from a related experiment suggest that this reduction in gravitational noise is not simply due to a fundamental noise difference between isentropic and sigma coordinate models but is likely to be a result of the hybridization. Abstract A comparison is made of several ways to combine isentropic with sigma coordinates in a numerical weather prediction model in order to benefit from the advantage of either coordinate. The resulting hybrid model versions appear to be well-behaved numerically. A noise index introduced to provide a measure of external gravitational imbalances shows that hybrid models are somewhat “quieter” than isentropic coordinate models. Results from a related experiment suggest that this reduction in gravitational noise is not simply due to a fundamental noise difference between isentropic and sigma coordinate models but is likely to be a result of the hybridization.

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