A Variable Ultraluminous Supersoft X‐Ray Source in “The Antennae”: Stellar‐Mass Black Hole or White Dwarf?

The chandra monitoring observations of The Antennae (NGC 4038/39) have led to the discovery of a variable, luminous, supersoft source (SSS). This source is only detected at energies below 2 keV and, in 2002 May, reached count rates comparable to those of the nine ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) detected in these galaxies. Spectral fits of the SSS data give acceptable results only for a $sim$100--90 eV blackbody spectrum with an intrinsic absorption column of $N_{ m H} sim 2-3 imes 10^{21} m cm^{-2}$. For a distance of 19 Mpc, the best-fit observed luminosity increases from 1.7$ imes 10^{38}$ergs in 1999 December to 8.0$ imes 10^{38}$ergs in 2002 May. The intrinsic, absorption-corrected best-fit luminosity reaches 1.4$ imes 10^{40}$ ergs in 2002 May. The assumption of unbeamed emission would suggest a black hole of $ga$100msun. However, if the emission is blackbody at all times, as suggested by the steep soft spectrum, the radiating area would have to vary by a factor of $sim10^3$, inconsistent with gravitational energy release from within a few Schwarzschild radii of a black hole. Viable explanations for the observed properties of the SSS are provided by anisotropic emission from either an accreting nuclear-burning white dwarf or an accreting stellar-mass black hole.Comment: ApJ in pres