Effects of powdery mildew on grain filling in spring barley in contrasting environments

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Abstract
SUMMARY: Circumstantial evidence from field experiments at Rothamsted suggested that effects of powdery mildew on grain filling in spring barley may be determined partly by temperature during the grain‐filling period. An experiment was, therefore, done which compared the effects of fungicides applied to control powdery mildew on grain filling in early‐ and late‐sown spring barley plants kept either out‐of‐doors throughout their growth (‘cool’ environment) or under the same conditions until the start of grain filling and then transferred to a heated glasshouse (‘warm’ environment) until harvested. Fungicides that controlled mildew increased the total grain yield of the late‐sown barley more than that of the early‐sown and much more in the warm environment than in the cool. On average, the effect of the fungicides in the cool environment was to increase grain yield by 17·7%. Small increases in numbers of grains/ear (+ 3·4%) and thousand‐grain weight (TGW) (+ 2·3%) contributed to this increase but it could be attributed principally to an average increase in numbers of ears/plant of 12·4%. Contrastingly, fungicides increased average grain yield in the warm environment by 58·2%. Effects of the fungicides on numbers of ears/plant (+ 27·8%) and on numbers of grains/ear (+ 4·5%) were not significantly different to those in the cool environment, and the much greater responses in the warm than in the cool environment could be attributed mostly to much larger effects on grain size (+ 19·2%)The greater benefits of the fungicides and, by implication, the greater damage done by powdery mildew in the warm than in the cool environment cannot, unequivocally, be attributed to differences in temperature during grain‐filling because the two environments clearly differed in other ways and especially in light intensity. Nevertheless, the results obtained do illustrate the potential risks involved in using data obtained under one set of circumstances to predict what will happen in another, especially when environments differ as greatly as glasshouses and fields.