Technique of Retrograde Phlebography of the Internal Spermatic Vein

Abstract
Phlebography of the internal spermatic vein in infertile male patients suffering is a diagnostic procedure of low risk. In 432 patients examined for this condition, varicoceles were found, 67.5% of which occurred on the left, 13.8% on the right side. This fairly high number of varicoceles on the right side was suprising. It may be due to the technique, which requires standardization and an experienced examiner to achieve a high rate of success. The possibility of a connection between unsatisfactory examination technique and unsatisfactory therapeutic results is discussed.

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