Studies on fish scale formation and resorption. I. Fine structure and calcification of the scales in Fundulus heteroclitus (Atheriniformes: Cyprinodontidae)

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Abstract
Fine structure of the scales of Fundulus heteroclitus was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The concentric ridges of the scale surface were characterized by the presence of minute, highly calcified, denticles or tooth‐like processes. Needle‐shaped crystals of hydrox‐yapatite were precipitated not only in the osseous layer but in the intimate lamellae of the fibrillary plate except in portions just below the grooves. The calcification of the osseous layer was observed to proceed by filling the matrix with patches of crystals. The fibrillary plate appeared to calcify by invasion of crystals from the upper calcified zone into spaces between collagen fibers.