Ice/Bed Interface and Englacial Properties of Svalbard Ice Masses Deduced from Airborne Radio Echo-Sounding Data

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Abstract
A substantial data set of digitally recorded radio echo-sounding data was collected over 44 ice masses in Spitsbergen and the ice caps on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. These data have allowed quantitative analysis of bed and internal power-reflection coefficients. Substantial regional differences were observed and have been correlated with the presence of water and/or moraine at the bed and with the bulk thermal regime of the ice mass. Values of bed power-reflection coefficient varied between −40 ± 5 and −8 ± 6 dB. It is suggested that the ice caps in north-east Spitsbergen (possessing among the lowest reflection coefficients observed) are frozen to their beds as is much of Austfonna (in Nordaustlandet), and that such values imply the likelihood of a layer of debris-rich ice above the bedrock. It is proposed that significant quantities of water are present at the ice/bed interface of many of the glaciers in north-west Spitsbergen. Further, it is believed that two geological divides were detected. A number of extraordinary internal reflecting horizons are also discussed.