Avian model for 13‐cis‐retinoic acid embryopathy: Demonstration of neural crest related defects

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Abstract
The effects of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid on the developing chick embryo were investigated. Fertilized eggs were injected via the yolk sac with single 50μl doses of either 1.5 μg, 15 μg, or 150 μg of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide on varying days of incubation (embryonic days 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Control embryos were given solvent alone or a mock injection. The embryos were examined on day 14 of incubation. The effects of retinoic acid on mortality and total malformations were both dose and developmental‐stage responsive. The defects caused by 13‐cis‐retinoic acid occurred in mesenchymal tissues derived in part from the cranial neural crest ectomesenchyme. The craniofacial and cardiovascular malformations produced in the chick are analogous to those seen in animal models of retinoid teratogenesis and in human fetuses exposed to 13‐cis‐retinoic acid during maternal therapy for cystic acne. Following 13‐cis‐retinoic acid treatment, craniofacial and specific cardiovascular malformations were increased significantly compared to those in matched solvent and mock treated controls. The greatest number of malformations occurred when 13‐cis‐retinoic acid was given after cranial neural crest cell migration was complete. We propose that the primary effect of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid is on region‐specific localization and differentiation of the mesenchymal subpopulation of cranial neural crest cells.