A diagnosis of interpentadal circulation changes in the North Atlantic

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Abstract
Diagnostic calculations of the circulation in the North Atlantic are described. Three basic cases are considered: the climatological mean state and the circulation in the pentads 1955–1959 and 1970–1974. Density data from Levitus (1982, 1989) are used as input together with the annual mean wind stress field of Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983) for the climatological case and wind stress data derived from the Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set for the 1950s and 1970s. The results suggest that the Gulf Stream was some 30 Sv weaker in the 1970–1974 pentad than in the pentad 1955–1959. About 20 Sv of this is due to a dramatic weakening of the circulation of the subtropical gyre. This is traced to a change in bottom pressure torque associated with the bottom topography on the western side of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. This same general area is also shown to be important for enhancing the transport of the climatological mean subtropical gyre above that predicted by the flat‐bottomed Sverdrup relation. The remaining 10 Sv is due to a weakening of the cyclonic gyre in the continental slope region south of Atlantic Canada and north of the Gulf Stream. This too is associated with a change in bottom pressure torque. We find that changes in the density field above 1500 m depth contribute about half of the transport change. It is not clear how reliable is the estimate of the remaining half. This is because it is dependent on changes in the analyzed density field at depths greater than 1500 m, and these could be a result of insufficient or unreliable data. No significant change in the total transport of the subpolar gyre is diagnosed by our calculations. In order to interpret the results we have split the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR) term into two parts: a part associated with bottom pressure torque and a part associated with compensation by the density stratification for the effect of variable bottom topography. This leads to a natural division of the volume transport stream function Ψ into three parts; Ψ = Ψ W + Ψ C + Ψ B. Ψ W is calculated using wind forcing alone and assumes a uniform density ocean. Ψ C is the difference between this and the stream function, Ψ S, calculated using the flat‐bottomed Sverdrup relation. It is driven by that part of JEBAR associated with density compensation. Finally, Ψ B is the difference between Ψ and Ψ S and is that part of Ψ driven by bottom pressure torque. (Ψ C + Ψ B) then gives the total contribution to Ψ from the JEBAR term. We find that for the climatological mean subpolar gyre, density compensation is particularly important, with bottom pressure torque displacing the gyre southward rather then enhancing its transport. For the subtropical gyre, density compensation plays less of a role. Almost all the difference between the two pentads occurs in the bottom pressure torque part.

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