Origin of Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor (M‐CSF) and Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor (G‐CSF) in Amniotic Fluid

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Abstract
A large amount of M‐CSF and G‐CSF exists in human amniotic fluid and both are considered to have some physiological affect on maintaining pregnancy. We therefore examined the source of M‐CSF and G‐CSF found in the amniotic fluid. The average level of M‐CSF in the amniotic fluid of patients without complications was 17.3±8.5 ng/ml and that of G‐CSF 1.85±1.72 ng/ml, both being high values. In neonatal urine, the average level of M‐CSF was also very high, 144.3 ±97.0 ng/ml, but that of G‐CSF was below the determination limit of 60 pg/ml. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that production of M‐CSF and G‐CSF was localized in the epithelial cells of fetal membrane. On the basis of the above observations, M‐CSF was found to derive from neonatal urine and the epithelial cells of fetal membrane, and G‐CSF from the epithelial cells of fetal membrane.