δ-catenin, an Adhesive Junction–associated Protein Which Promotes Cell Scattering

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Abstract
The classical adherens junction that holds epithelial cells together consists of a protein complex in which members of the cadherin family linked to various catenins are the principal components. δ-catenin is a mammalian brain protein in the Armadillo repeat superfamily with sequence similarity to the adherens junction protein p120ctn. We found that δ-catenin can be immunoprecipitated as a complex with other components of the adherens junction, including cadherin and β-catenin, from transfected cells and brain. The interaction with cadherin involves direct contact within the highly conserved juxtamembrane region of the COOH terminus, where p120ctn also binds. In developing mouse brain, staining with δ-catenin antibodies is prominent towards the apical boundary of the neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone. When transfected into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells δ-catenin colocalized with cadherin, p120ctn, and β-catenin. The Arm domain alone was sufficient for achieving localization and coimmunoprecipitation with cadherin. The ectopic expression of δ-catenin in MDCK cells altered their morphology, induced the elaboration of lamellipodia, interfered with monolayer formation, and increased scattering in response to hepatocyte growth factor treatment. We propose that δ-catenin can regulate adhesion molecules to implement the organization of large cellular arrays necessary for tissue morphogenesis.