Instructions and Grouped Presentation in Free Recall

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Abstract
Subjects were presented either single items over trials for free recall, constant groupings of two words each over trials, increasingly larger groupings over trials, or progressively smaller groupings over trials. The nature of the grouped presentations had no effect on recall or organization; grouped presentation generally led to more organization than the single items, but the amount recalled was comparable in all cases. Instructions to use images led to more organized recall in some cases but increased recall only for the constant-size condition and hindered recognition somewhat in the changing-size conditions.

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