Use of three artificial sea salts to maintain fertile sea urchins (arbacia punctulata) and to conduct fertilization tests with copper and sodium dodecyl sulfate

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Abstract
Fertile sea urchins were maintained over six months in three commercial artificial sea‐waters (Forty Fathoms®, HW Marinemix®, and Instant Ocean®). Fertilization tests using the reference toxicants copper (Cu) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were conducted with the sea urchins in the artificial sea salt in which the organisms were maintained. The ranges of Cu and SDS no‐observed‐effect concentrations (NOECs) for the tests in the three artificial seawaters overlapped one another and also the ranges of published results for animals maintained and tested in natural sea‐water. The 50% effect concentration (EC50) values of Cu for the tests using the three artificial sea‐waters were not significantly different. The EC50 value for SDS using HW Marinemix was significantly lower than values for tests using the other artificial seawaters. The artificial seawaters were judged acceptable for maintaining Arbacia punctulata and conducting fertilization tests, although additional research is required to optimize long‐term maintenance of fertile animals.

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