Some toxic effects of fenitrothion on seed germination and early seedling growth of jack pine, spruce, and birches

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Abstract
The seeds of four tree species (two conifers and two angiosperms) indigenous to the spruce boreal forests of Canada were exposed to 10 ppm (field concentration) and 1000 ppm fenitrothion during stratification and (or) early seedling growth. Pinusbanksiana Lamb. (jack pine) seeds exposed to 1000 ppm fenitrothion germinated more rapidly at first (0–10 days) but later were indistinguishable from untreated or 10 ppm fenitrothion treated seeds. The speed and percent germination of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce) seeds were unaffected by either fenitrothion treatment. After 5 months growth the conifer seedlings derived from fenitrothion treated seeds were comparable to untreated seedlings. The (angiosperm tree) seeds of Betulaalleghaniensis Britton and Betulapaperifera Marsh, (yellow and white birch) showed reduced germination following exposure to 10 ppm fenitrothion and marked toxicological damage when exposed to 1000 ppm fenitrothion.

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